Development of a nanotechnology informed clean-in-place strategy: effect of interfacial characteristics on milk fouling and cleaning mechanisms

Proteinaceous fouling is a serious concern for food processing, as well as in other sectors such as biomedical devices and the marine industry. To mitigate surface fouling, this thesis aims to determine the role of surface parameters alongside their synergetic effects on the fouling formation process, as well as on the subsequent cleaning mechanism, under realistic conditions. It has been demonstrated that surface roughness, temperature, changes in surface composition, as well as the temperature difference between liquid and substrate govern the interfacial interactions in fouling, and therefore will control initial and subsequent formation of surface fouling layers. Liquid wettability on 316L stainless steel (SS316) was favoured by increased surface roughness and wall temperature, showing how fine surface finishes are effective in reducing liquid adhesion. Polishing of industrial surfaces may lead to textured surfaces that can lead to anisotropic liquid motion in a particular direction, affecting liquid spreading mechanism, especially when temperature increases for thermal treatment. On fine surface finishes, there was an isotropic wetting. However, as surface roughness increased, there was a preferential liquid spreading along the directional orientation of the polishing grooves and a reduction of the wetting area length along the cross-section orientation. Liquids with high surface tension showed a reduced anisotropic wetting, as spreading and wetting are governed by surface tension forces. For those liquids with low surface tension, there was a marked anisotropic wetting process where gravity and capillary forces, along with the effect generated by the surface periodic geometries that the liquid movement must overcome, favoured liquid spreading through surface grooves. Although temperature affected considerably liquid properties and the subsequent surface wetting, the interfacial wetting area was not significantly affected as surface temperature increased from 25 to 80°C. Therefore, in addition to requiring a fine surface finish to reduce adhesion of liquids, the polishing of surfaces should be performed along the flow direction of the industrial processing line to avoid transversal surface geometries that could interfere liquid motion in a stick–slip manner, and favour the subsequent adhesion of liquids, biomolecules or other bulk compounds that could act as a fouling source. The surface free energy (SFE) of SS316L and its components remain constant between ambient and pasteurisation temperatures, but SFE is increased as surface roughness increases. As fouling develops, the SFE evolves, depending on the characteristics of the deposit formed. Our results confirmed that milk fouling kinetics, foulant characteristics, as well as the subsequent removal mechanism are found highly dependent on the temperatures used, liquid and surface temperatures, demonstrating that milk fouling begins with the surface adsorption of proteinaceous species from the bulk fluid. To control surface fouling, it is critical to modulate the initial adsorption of proteins, emphasising an urgent need for developing anti-fouling materials. A global approach is to modulate surface energetic and topographic characteristics. Surface structuration leads to a super-/hydrophobic wetting state, where liquid is partly suspended by the air entrapped within surface geometries, hindering liquid penetration. We demonstrated that despite surface hydrophobicity increased upon surface structuration, a free contact situation may not be equivalent to a scenario whereby continuous liquid phase is being forced to make contact with a structured surface coating. Once a structured surface is exposed to a continuous layer of water, there could be a release of the entrapped air from surface geometries which enhanced liquid adsorption. In fact, the entrapped air release increased the interfacial surface area available for the interfacial adsorption process, modulating the subsequent adhesion of biomolecules. Surface structuration favoured drastically the adsorption process of proteins, especially for the protein of smaller size (β-Lg) as a large amount of molecules would be required to fill surface structures. Stiff proteinaceous adlayers were found on the set of functionalised coatings, indicating stronger adhesion mechanisms due to conformational reorientations of proteins to facilitate surface binding, especially BSA. In contrast, surface structuration led to the formation of soft adlayers as the filling of surface geometries might affect protein conformation and favour protein superposition, hindering removal. In conclusion, adlayers of proteins are immediately and ubiquitously present on all the surfaces investigated, where adsorption is highly dependent on both surface and protein physicochemical properties, as well as the temperature profile used for thermal treatment. The characteristics of the irreversibly adsorbed proteins constitute such primary layer that plays a direct role in the overall bio-/fouling phenomena, controlling the successive deposition of any other biological or non-biological material, shifting from surface-deposit to deposit-deposit interactions

Characterization of agricultural practices in the community Mulato Viejo in Oaxaca

ABSTRACT Objective: Document the standard of living of the "Mulato Viejo" community, their culture and agricultural practices in light of current development policies. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out during the year of 2019, applying surveys and interviews using key informants with experience in community positions. Results: The results showed that families practice some traditional farming techniques with family labor. A delay was also observed in the incorporation of women (5.5%) and in the generational rotation of producers, 84% are over 40 years old and of these 69% only have primary education, so they do not know the fundamentals of agricultural practices used, this limits the use of machinery to reduce workload, production costs or innovate Limitations on study/implications: The main limitation was the sample size and the repeatability of the study, a single community was analyzed. It is proposed to extend to other communities with similar characteristics Findings/conclusions: Semi-traditional agriculture has preserved the local maize races. However, it is necessary for the community to incorporate dynamics that diversify agricultural activities, crops, establish intra-community cooperation and trade networks, so that agricultural activities are a profitable economic option for the new generations, who would have a greater capacity to acquire the foundations of a sustainable agriculture that improves its yield but, with the challenge of keeping traditional agricultural practices intact Keywords: Mulato Viejo, rural nucleus, solidarity networks.Objective: To describe the standard of living in the "Mulato Viejo" community; culture and their agricultural practices facing the current governmental development policies. Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted during 2019, applying surveys and interviews to key informants with experience in community-elected positions. Results: The results showed that families practice some traditional farming techniques based on family labor. There was also a lag in the incorporation of women (5.5%), and in the generational renewal of producers. For example, 84% are older than 40 years-old and out of those, only 69% completed elementary education. Thus, they do not know the rationality fundamentals of the agricultural practices they use. This limits the use of machinery to reduce the workload and the production costs, or to innovate. Study limitations/implications: The main limitations were the sample size and the replicability of the study; a single community was analyzed. It is proposed then to expand the study to other communities with similar characteristics. Findings/conclusions: Semi-traditional agriculture has preserved local landraces of maize. Yet, it is necessary for the community to incorporate dynamics that may diversify agricultural activities, crops; and allow establishing networks of cooperation and intra-community trade. So that agricultural activities may become an economic option profitable to further generations, who would have a greater capacity to acquire the bases for a sustainable agriculture. With the goal to improve yield but, with the challenge of keeping the traditional agricultural practices intact

Ciencias de la Biología y Agronomía

Este volumen I contiene 17 capítulos arbitrados que se ocupan de estos asuntos en Tópicos Selectos de Ciencias de la Biología y Agronomía, elegidos de entre las contribuciones, reunimos algunos investigadores y estudiantes. Se presenta un Estudio Comparativo de los Recursos Hidrológico-Forestales de la Microcuenca de la Laguna de Epatlan, Pue. (1993 a 2014); la Situación Actual de la Mancha de Asfalto en Maíz (Zea mays L.) en los Municipios de Jiquipilas y Ocozocoautla, Chiapas, México; las poblaciones sobresalientes de maíz de la raza Zapalote Chico, en la Región Istmeña de Oaxaca; Se indica el índice de área foliar de cultivo de Chile Poblano mediante dos métodos en condiciones protegidas; Esquivel, Urzúa y Ramírez exploran el efecto de la biofertilización con Azospirillum en el crecimiento y producción de Jitomate; esbozan su artículo sobre la determinación del nivel de Heterosis en híbridos de Maíz para la Comarca Lagunera; una investigación sobre la estabilización de semilla de Solanum lycopersicum durante el almacenamiento y estimulación de la germinación; acotan sobre el CTAB como una nueva opción para la detección de Huanglongbing en cítricos, plantean su evaluación sobre el aluminio y cómo afecta la vida de florero de Heliconia psittacorum; indican sobre el impacto del H-564C, como un híbrido de maíz con alta calidad de proteina para el trópico húmedo de México; presetan su investigación sobre la producción de Piña Cayena Lisa y MD2 (Ananas comosus L.) en condiciones de Loma Bonita, en Oaxaca; acotan sobre el efecto de coberteras como control biológico por conservación contra áfidos en Nogal Pecanero; esbozan sobre la caracterización de cuatro genotipos de Frijol Negro en Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, México; presentan una caracterización hidroecológica de la microcuenca de Arroyo Prieto, Yuriría, Gto., y alternativas para su restauración ambiental; presentan su investigación sobre el efecto del hongo Beauveria bassiana sobre solubilización de fosfatos y la disponibilidad de fósforo en el suelo; plantean su investigación sobre la Germinación y regeneración in vitro de Epidendrum falcatum LINDL; esbozan su artículo sobre genotipos de frijol negro y su tolerancia a sequía terminal en Veracruz, México

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

Peer reviewe

An embedding technique to determine ττ backgrounds in proton-proton collision data

An embedding technique is presented to estimate standard model tau tau backgrounds from data with minimal simulation input. In the data, the muons are removed from reconstructed mu mu events and replaced with simulated tau leptons with the same kinematic properties. In this way, a set of hybrid events is obtained that does not rely on simulation except for the decay of the tau leptons. The challenges in describing the underlying event or the production of associated jets in the simulation are avoided. The technique described in this paper was developed for CMS. Its validation and the inherent uncertainties are also discussed. The demonstration of the performance of the technique is based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected by CMS in 2017 at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb(-1).Peer reviewe

Measurement of nuclear modification factors of gamma(1S)), gamma(2S), and gamma(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The cross sections for ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), and ϒ(3S) production in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV have been measured using the CMS detector at the LHC. The nuclear modification factors, RAA, derived from the PbPb-to-pp ratio of yields for each state, are studied as functions of meson rapidity and transverse momentum, as well as PbPb collision centrality. The yields of all three states are found to be significantly suppressed, and compatible with a sequential ordering of the suppression, RAA(ϒ(1S)) > RAA(ϒ(2S)) > RAA(ϒ(3S)). The suppression of ϒ(1S) is larger than that seen at √sNN = 2.76 TeV, although the two are compatible within uncertainties. The upper limit on the RAA of ϒ(3S) integrated over pT, rapidity and centrality is 0.096 at 95% confidence level, which is the strongest suppression observed for a quarkonium state in heavy ion collisions to date. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3.Peer reviewe

Search for Physics beyond the Standard Model in Events with Overlapping Photons and Jets

Results are reported from a search for new particles that decay into a photon and two gluons, in events with jets. Novel jet substructure techniques are developed that allow photons to be identified in an environment densely populated with hadrons. The analyzed proton-proton collision data were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in 2016 at root s = 13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The spectra of total transverse hadronic energy of candidate events are examined for deviations from the standard model predictions. No statistically significant excess is observed over the expected background. The first cross section limits on new physics processes resulting in such events are set. The results are interpreted as upper limits on the rate of gluino pair production, utilizing a simplified stealth supersymmetry model. The excluded gluino masses extend up to 1.7 TeV, for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV and exceed previous mass constraints set by analyses targeting events with isolated photons.Peer reviewe

Electroweak production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions root s =13 TeV

A measurement of the electroweak (EW) production of two jets in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented, based on data recorded in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The measurement is performed in the lljj final state with l including electrons and muons, and the jets j corresponding to the quarks produced in the hard interaction. The measured cross section in a kinematic region defined by invariant masses m(ll) > 50 GeV, m(jj) > 120 GeV, and transverse momenta P-Tj > 25 GeV is sigma(EW) (lljj) = 534 +/- 20 (stat) fb (syst) fb, in agreement with leading-order standard model predictions. The final state is also used to perform a search for anomalous trilinear gauge couplings. No evidence is found and limits on anomalous trilinear gauge couplings associated with dimension-six operators are given in the framework of an effective field theory. The corresponding 95% confidence level intervals are -2.6 <cwww/Lambda(2) <2.6 TeV-2 and -8.4 <cw/Lambda(2) <10.1 TeV-2. The additional jet activity of events in a signal-enriched region is also studied, and the measurements are in agreement with predictions.Peer reviewe